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There are some USB audio adapters which provide 5 or 7 channel output on 3.5mm TRS sockets. Those tend to have microphone inputs with bias voltage on them, too. Only problem is that the quality is not better than that of the average microphone input on a laptop.
As a rule: anybody who has the temerity to provide a 3.5mm phone socket for a microphone will ...
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If you're getting an external USB audio interface, get one that supports phantom power [48v].
The Shure [& many other pro-level lav mics] comes with interchangeable adaptors for connectivity to different manufacturers' body packs etc as well as 'regular' XLR. If you don't need to consider wireless integration, then XLR is the 'safe option'.
I can't find ...
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You can't only talk about the diaphragms with microphones you also have to include the preamplification and circuitry but that's a very technical discussion compared to what I think you're asking...
Mixing and producing records is about storing all the sounds and timbres that you can create in your brain and using the best combination of these for the task ...
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Array mics (dual or otherwise) are like smaller versions of multi-mic setups. Using the differences in the two (or more) audio signals, a digital signal processor (DSP) can automatically figure out the difference between the main signal and any background noise. Laptops tend to use these for noise-cancelling during video conferencing calls.
A digital mic is ...
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